ECB Monetary Policy: July 2025 Update
On July 24, 2025, the European Central Bank (ECB) policy held key interest rates steady—most notably the deposit facility rate at 2%, down sharply from its 4% level a year ago. After eight consecutive quarterly cuts, policymakers signaled a pause, citing stable inflation, easing domestic pressures, and a clouded outlook from U.S.–EU trade tensions. This […]
Western Counter‑Initiative to BRI: How PGII Promotes Transparent, Democracy‑Anchored Infrastructure
As of mid‑2025, global infrastructure diplomacy is at a turning point. Western China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) still dominates with its trillion-dollar network linking Asia, Africa, and Europe. But in G7 capitals, a new narrative is growing: the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). It positions itself as a values-driven, transparent, democratic alternative […]